Upstream answers 200 with `loc` / `org` / `country` absent for anycast,
bogon and degraded responses. Splitting them unguarded threw, and
geo-handler turned that into a 500 the visitor's card surfaced as a
failed source.
Missing coordinates now degrade to null instead of Number('') === 0,
which would have placed those IPs at the origin of the coordinate
system; a missing org yields empty asn / org; an unknown ISO code falls
back to the label that was already written but unreachable.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>